Day33 : In-text Citations and Reporting Verbs Materials

The following information is originally from UIUC APA Student Handbook

In-text Citation

In-text citation appears throughout the body of APA style research papers or in the text.  It is not a complete reference, but it does provide the reader with enough information to look at the references page and locate the specific source information on the references page. In this way, an in-text citation functions as a sign that points the reader to a location where he or she can obtain more detailed information about a particular source.  

Signal Phrases 

Signal phrases are phrases that indicate that the information that follows comes from a source.  The source appears after the signal phrase but before the information being presented.

Template:[Signal phrases][author’s last name](year published)[information](page/para. #)
 Examples:According to Nam (2013), 80% of ESL students surveyed preferred to collaborate with classmates than work individually. (para. 12).

Parenthetical In-text Citations: End of sentences

If the information presented makes no reference to the author or date, this information can be presented in parentheses at the end of the sentence before the period. Example:Of the ESL students surveyed, 80% preferred to collaborate with classmates than work individually (Nam, 2013, para. 17). 

 Multiple Authors 

Often the sources you will cite will be written by multiple authors.  In this case it is important to understand how to represent all contributors accurately. 

 Authors (2) for all references

“Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses” (Purdue OWL, 2011).
 Examples:Nam and Kim (2013) claim that ESL students are hardworking...(Nam & Kim, 2010) 

Authors (3-5) as 1st reference: 

“List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source” (Purdue OWL, 2011). Examples:According to Nam, Guo, Lawson, Arrigo, and Choi (2013), 95% of ESL students pass the ESL courses in their first two years of college.
(Nam, Guo, Lawson, Arrigo, & Choi, 2013) 

Authors (3-5) subsequent references:“In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses” (Purdue OWL, 2011).  

Examples:According to Nam et al. (2013), 95% of ESL students pass the ESL courses in their first two years of college.
(Nam et al., 2013)          

 Authors (6+) all references: 

“Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses” (Purdue OWL, 2011).  

Examples:Nam et al. (2013) argued that 95% of ESL students pass the ESL courses in their first two years of college.
(Nam et al., 2013) 

Reporting Verbs 

It would be really boring if you write 'Nam says.... ' ' XXX says.....' over and over again. 

Fortunately, there is a wide choice of reporting verbs in English! 

Using reporting verbs can help you indicate

a) the author's personal viewpoint;  

b) your viewpoint regarding what the author says, and 

c) the author's viewpoint regarding other literature. 

Take a look at the List of Reporting Verbs (on page 2).

Reporting verbs are verbs that indicate that the information that follows comes from a source.  The source appears before the reporting verb.                        

Template:
[Author’s last name](year published)[reporting verb][information](page/para. #) 

Examples:Nam (2013) observes that only 20% of ESL students surveyed preferred to collaborate with classmates than work individually (para. 14).